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Bone ash is a white material produced by the of . Typical bone ash consists of about 55.82% , 42.39% phosphorus pentoxide, and 1.79% .'Review On Different Parameters And Uses Of Bone Ash' S. Sahithi, L. Manasa, G. Anusha, S.v. Krishna V. Tejeswara Rao. JETIR April 2024, Volume 11, Issue 4 The exact composition of these compounds varies depending upon the type of bones being used, but generally the formula for bone ash is Ca5(OH)(PO4)3. Bone ash usually has a around 3.10 g/mL and a of 1670 °C (3038 °F). Most bones retain their cellular structure through calcination.


History

Antiquity
Burnt bones have been recovered from numerous Ancient Greek sanctuaries dating from the Late Bronze Age up to the Hellenistic period. The burnt bones are often calcined with a white or blueish color, allowing archaeologists to identify them as sacrificial remains. At the sanctuary to in a round altar of fieldstones filled with soil was found, dating to the 8th century BC. The upper surface was covered with clay and animal bones were burned on top, then apparently swept off the surface with terracotta, metal objects, and pottery and trampled until the altar was eventually subsumed by the ritual debris. Some scholars have attributed these altars to rituals, but this is disputed.
(2025). 9780472130573, University of Michigan Press. .
Xenocrates of Aphrodisias reported its use as a medicinal ingredient, although cannibalism was, according to , prohibited under the laws of the .
(2013). 9781135954222, Taylor & Francis. .


Uses

Bone china
Bone ash is a key raw material for . Constituting around 50% of the body, it reacts with other raw materials in the body during firing to form, amongst other , .

In preparation for use in bone china, bones undergo multiple processing stages, including:

  • Removal of any meat before being degreased.
  • Calcination to around 1000 °C (1832 °F). This will remove all , and the bone is left sterilised.
  • Being ground with water to fine particle size.
  • Being partially dewatered.

Since the 1990s, the use of synthetic alternatives to bone ash, which are based on dicalcium phosphate and tricalcium phosphate, has increased. Significant amounts of bone china is produced using these synthetic alternatives rather than bone ash.


Fertilizers
Bone ash can be used alone as an organic fertilizer or it can be treated with to form a "single " fertilizer which is more :

Ca3(PO4)2 + 2 + 5 H2O → 2 + Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O

Similarly, can be used to form triple superphosphate, a more concentrated phosphorus fertilizer which excludes the content found in single superphosphate:

Ca3(PO4)2 + 4 H3PO4 → 3 Ca(H2PO4)2


Metal casting
Bone ash is used in for various purposes. Examples include and protective barriers for tools exposed to molten metal, and as a for seams and cracks. Applied as a powder or water slurry, bone ash has many unique characteristics. First of all, the powder has high thermal stability, so it maintains its form in extremely high temperatures. The powder coating itself adheres to metal well and does not drip, run, cause much , or create noticeable streaks. Using the bone ash is easy as well, as it comes in a powder form, is easy to clean up, and does not separate into smaller parts (therefore requiring no extra mixing).


Metallurgy
Bone ash is a material often used in , a process by which (such as and ) are removed from .

In cupellation, base metals in an impure sample are oxidized with the help of and are vaporized and absorbed into a porous cupellation material, typically made of or . This leaves the precious metals which do not oxidize behind. Bone ash's extremely porous and calcareous structure as well as its high melting point makes it an ideal candidate for cupellation.The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Cupellation." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 29 May 2017, www.britannica.com/technology/cupellation.Bayley, Justine. "Precious Metal Refining." Archeological Datasheet, no. 2, Mar. 1995, pp. 1–1., doi:10.1016/s0026-0576(03)80479-8.


Analysis of bone ash
The chemical analyses, determined by X-ray fluorescence and reported as %, of three samples of ceramic grade bone ash:


In culture

Bible
From : "And the people shall be as the burnings of lime: as thorns cut up shall they be burned in the fire"

Its use is mentioned in the Book of Amos (2:1): "I will not turn away the punishment thereof, because he burned the bones of the King of Edom into lime."

It was used in ancient formulas for white paint and cosmetic pigments, and in the process to separate from .

(2025). 9783642617362, Springer Berlin Heidelberg. .
(2025). 9781134530779, Taylor & Francis. .


See also
  • - composed partially of human bone ash

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